FOR (0000) I=I'=Q=Q' =0
Since logic zero mean -0.22, at the I channel' product modulator we get
I = -0.22 sinwct
At the q channel's product modulator we get,

    Q = -0.22 cos wct

Then at the summer we get,

16 QAM output = 0.331 sin(wct -135)

Summary

note: BW eff = transmission rate / minimum bandwidth

PROBABILITY OF ERROR AND BIT ERROR RATE

BIT ERROR RATE

• the number of bad bits in the transmission or storage of data, usually expressed in terms of 10 -X .
• it is also the digital equivalent of signal to noise ratio in analog systems.

PROBABILITY OF ERROR

• is a function of the carrier to noise power ratio and the number of possible encoding conditions used M-ary.
  
  

DATA COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT

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